The oppressed: via the developed technology, how they expressed: 3D Gallery

10) After the oppressions of factories, new left ideologies became an uprising method against hegemony such as ‘Scientific socialism’ or known as communism after the 1840s and instead of using utopian socialism, Karl Mark suggested an idea of communism.

10) In the 1840s, Karl Marx and Engels formulated new theory named as communism and such as those theories included in the area of the ‘socialism’ had a lot of advocating from the workers because of they supported less polarization between the working class and the factory owner with made working class more synthetic to cooperative and symbiotic society. Furthermore, those beliefs altered into a social democracy in the 1860s with entering the center part of the politics to provide better conditions for the workers and give their voices into the parliament or damage the former cultural ideology: such as the cartoon shows, became an anti-capitalistic method and ideas of equality turned into a belief of reform movement. Likewise, socialism encouraged women’s right in working and equally paid as man do, similar to the Clara Zetkin, Feminism Socialist said in 1889: “Socialists must know that women’s

work will result in shortening the working hours dedicated to society by individuals and will increase

that of society’s wealth; they must know that it is not the competition of women’s work per se, but rather capitalistic exploitation of women’s labor that depresses the wages of men”

1) In the 1700s, the agricultural revolution began by the British farmers who got the assistance of Dutch farmers’ agricultural experiments such as this invention, seed drill, which was an innovation of the speed and increased amount of the food production.

1) The Dutch farmers experimented by building walls to reclaim land from the sea or combine lands with used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil. Those experiments’ progress developed by British farmers because exchanged news of new experiments, used corn rotation which makes farmers have improved soil fertility and amount of production or invention of seed drill such as this picture shows and as a result of this agricultural revolution, amount of food production and population increased together while landowners became more able to invest their lands on different purposes of business and started to cause migration of farmers.

2) During the 1500s to 1700s, rich landowners pushed ahead by the enclosure movement, which was the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared with the peasant farmers.

2) During the agricultural revolution, it was assisted by the enclosure movement because the enclosure movement made landowners stop their previous contract with farmers and this can be observed especially in the 1500s and in the 1700s. In the 1500s, landowners enclosed their properties to earn more by increasing the wool output and in the 1700s, even though parliament restricted, landowners tried to create larger fields for cultivated more effectively and because of these aspects, farmers lost their jobs with pushed to live at the city to get new jobs, therefore, enclosure movement and agricultural revolution caused the urbanization with increased population.

3) By the assist of the two factors -increased population and migration of farmers -, especially during the 1700s to the 1800s, the population of the urban area increased rapidly such as during the 1850s, urban population of Britain over half of the whole population.

3) After agricultural revolution increased the population, many people lost their origin and migrated to the urban areas because of the enclosure movement during 1500s to the 1700s, the population of cities was accelerated. For example, Great Britain, London, England’s largest city and one of the two real cities in Europe had a population of about 750,000 in 1750 but in 1850, the population was above 2,600,000 with urban population becoming the majority than the rural area population. As a result of this, the middle class appeared a little bit but generally, the demand of employees of factories were increasing slowly but the demand of the job increased fast and the price of salary got into a competition which led the average income extremely low even though that affected their workers’ health negatively and therefore, the end of the social class, the lower classes increased more with polarized economical circumstances. Nonetheless, factories were liberated concerning the money out by the income and those money turned into a money for the investment, which consequently led to the machined factories with industrial revolution.

4) During the 1700s, after the changes in society throughout the urbanization, because of the increased cheap workforces, factory owners were able to improve the way of utilizing the energy-producing system such as coal which is used to improve steam engines and energy revolution, which led the industrial revolution.

4) Since the urbanization, factory owners could employ their laborers in cheap salaries because of the competition between the employees and unemployees, they got an enlarged profit, and as a result, factory owners invested in their way of using energy which naturally led to the energy revolution and improved irons. For an example of these, as this picture shows, in 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal, in 1764, James Watt made improvements on the engine and more efficient and simultaneously, in 1709, Abraham Darby used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron. By those improvements and circumstances, factories became get into a mechanization and stepped into an industrial revolution, which totally changed the lives of commoners as factory workers whether their gender or age was.

5) Even though their are some exceptions, males who are teenagers or over 20 years old were still householders by working in factories or became a miner exhausted from harsh working conditions and most of the minors worked with risk of death highly until the 1850s.

After the industrial revolution began, most of the males were still householders but their job to hold the house altered into factory jobs with following risks.

Especially, via the invention of the increased demand for coal, employed miners in Britain, 1841 became 216,000, when miners faced the worst working conditions who were mostly male and they paid more but working in darkness with the coal dust destroyed their lungs.

Meantime,in Asia(also European countries), other males worked as a textile-related jobs as this ‘Ages of Silk Workers in Nagano Japan in 1901’ shows: 770 workers out of the 1101 workers were over 20 so have a contrast with women workers because most of them were under 20 years old (63.2%). Likewise, in this picture, three miners are in the early age and they were always endangered because of the mine collapse.

Therefore, most of the male still lived as a household but at the same time, miners or the textile related workers although those male had economical stability than the females, they also started to unionize themselves because of their generally unsatisfying working conditions.

6) At the middle of the 1800s, factories considered women as their work resources because they thought women as a people with small hands and obedient attitudes which entered many women as textile-related factory workers.

6) Meanwhile, in the age of pre-industrial revolutions, life as a female was restricted to the power of male and lived as an artisan or a housewife, but by the developments of the transportation known as after the transportation revolution in 1827, many women could move from their house to the factory and not be dependent to the male any longer.

Capitalists who wish to ensure their profits decide to hire women in the cases of textile companies often because they can perform a similar amount of factory labor at one-half to one-quarter the price and their small hands and obedient attitude.

It occurred in the statistics of ‘Distribution of Male and Female Workers in Shanghai’s Industries, 1929’, said that almost more than half of the female workers(84270 out of 173432) are working a cotton spinning job.

Gradually, women became able to work independently as men did, even though their opportunity was still limited, their working condition was not good and their salary was low and still had a limited job choos opportunity with only related to the textile or surplus job as the pre-industrial society gave to women.

7) By the 1800s, in France and other European countries, prostitution increased rapidly or legalized and many lower-class women get into prostitution because of their economical insstabilities.

7) On the other hand, the prostitution became rapidly popular because many women laborers did not have any economical foundation, and when they get pregnant but nobody is not assisting them, majority of women became a prostitute. In addition, like from the investigation of Henry Mayhew, British government social investigator, in 1849, many men did not do their responsibility and those young girls became unable to work in textile companies. Moreover, as she said “During the course of my investigation into the condition of those who are dependent upon their

needle for their support, I had been so repeatedly assured that the young girls were mostly compelled to resort to prostitution to eke out their subsistence”, therefore, to live paycheck to the paycheck, they lived as a prostitute.

Therefore, some of the women began to find their rights against the discriminations whether they are prostitutes or hard-working laborers and as a result, ideology called Feminism became one of the main ideas spread to the women reformers.

8) 4:40 to when it ends. Before the regulation laws ratified around the 1830s, factories and mines hired boys and girls, when they often started their work seven or eight with always facing the dangers of getting injured.

8) Simultaneously to the women laborers, factories sometimes needed a person who is small so able to work on sensitive machines or mines with a small hole that was not big enough for the adults, and as a result of this, the rule of children until the restrictions changed into a ‘worker’ even if they were seven to eight or even five. Their nimble fingers, quick moving and small body effectively worked on the textile machines therefore many children workers injured a lot with the decreased expectation of their lifetime and surrounded the possibilities of disease; cholera. This can be observed from the testimony given by John Birley who was a child laborer, he said, “ No time was allowed for breakfast and no sitting for dinner

and no time for tea. We went to the mill at five o'clock and worked till about eight or nine when they brought us our breakfast, which consisted of water-porridge, with oatcake in it and onions to flavour it... We then worked till nine or ten at night…”, which is clear evidence that children working in manufacturing(or mining) abused and had a wrong treatment.

Those treatments against humanity became a power origin of the reform movement above social class and started to consider ratifying new bills for the workers' protections.

9) Workers did not absolutely obey their factories if they provided horrible working conditions. Even though it was illegal, secret unions exist or strikes became a method to express their rights such as the Okaya Strike in 1927.

9) Due to the horrible working conditions as low salary, overworking times and not enough protection from the danger of the injuries, workers unionized at first and against the factory as an organization. Some of them turn into a riot as known as Luddites but others struck for their rights and this can be observed during the strike of Okaya textile workers as given in this picture, in 1927, Okaya textile workers not depend on their factory but made a huge strike as a team because of Yamaichi silk plant in Okaya ignored their union’s demand. As a result, those strikes made an improvement through the workers’ conditions and increased minimum wage and especially, some of the rights actually ratified in the law such as a British Factory act, which passed in 1833 and regulated textile mills to stop employing children under eleven years, and prohibited children between eleven and thirteen from working more than forty-eight hours a week, or nine in a single day.

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The oppressed: via the developed technology, how they expressed