Fascism develops a religious dimension
Use of religious style festivals, architecture and martyrs
Direct contact with the masses
Use of rich Roman history
Held lectures, rallies, and special ceremonies
First state to effectively exploit mass media
Public broadcasting corporation set up under state control
Party run station: Ente Radio Rurale
Children's radio programming: 'The Balilla's Friend'
Newspapers told what to print or not print for example newspapers couldn't comment on the economic depression of 1929-1933 until late 1932
Government set up Experimental Centre of Cinematography which trained 100 students per year
Newsreels were shown at every film viewing
Prominence given to sports in the press
Italians win 12 golds at LA Olympics and are made known as Mussolini's boys
Italy hosted 1934 World Cup; Mussolini attends final and handed out the medals when Italy won
Teachers swear a loyalty oath to Mussolini
non-Fascists teachers removed from schools
Curriculum revised in 1928 to include more political indoctrination
Traditional subjects modified to emphasize nationalism
New teachers had to join the Fascist party
New textbooks with Fascist content were published
Universities lost their autonomy and private schools and colleges were brought under state control whenever possible
Military instruction introduced in high schools
In 1939 school system reorganized to create vocational education this including doing manual labor
Stalin controlled writers-First Congress of Soviet Writers (1934)-If writers wrote anything not approved by the Soviet writers union they would be sent to the Gulag
Poetry and prose were written and published in Pravda glorifying Stalin for example Avdienko “O great Stalin, O leader of the peoples.” or “Centuries will pass, and the generations still to come will regard us as the happiest of mortals, as the most fortunate of men because we lived in the century of centuries, because we were privileged to see Stalin, our inspired leader.”
Day to day visual imagery of Stalin presented him as a father figure, protector, or diety
Leader worship was a constant theme in Soviet films for example “Great Citizen” presents Lenin, Stalin and Kirov as the leaders of the Revolution and discredits the Zinovievites for the Kirov assassination whch helps to justify the purges
ultimate goal of the education system was to produce a loyal Soviet citizen intensely proud of Russia's history, and capable of contributing to my new system.
All fields of the arts were expected to use a style called social realism to create representations of real life
Solzhenitsyn was imprisoned for his anti-Stalin characterization of Soviet Life One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
Paternak’s work was also deamed critical Dr Zhivago
Sergei Eisenstein films Battleship Potemkin and October celebrated the proletariat
In education state prescribed textbook
Students wore uniforms, not military though
Create a disciplined workforce
Rewriting of history to tell Stalin’s narrative and glorify him
